Common Mental Health Diagnosis/常见的心理健康疾病:
Anxiety Disorders
In 2019, 301 million people were living with an anxiety disorder including 58 million children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders are characterised by excessive fear and worry and related behavioural disturbances. Symptoms are severe enough to result in significant distress or significant impairment in functioning. There are several different kinds of anxiety disorders, such as: generalised anxiety disorder (characterised by excessive worry), panic disorder (characterised by panic attacks), social anxiety disorder (characterised by excessive fear and worry in social situations), separation anxiety disorder (characterised by excessive fear or anxiety about separation from those individuals to whom the person has a deep emotional bond), and others. Effective psychological treatment exists, and depending on the age and severity, medication may also be considered.
焦虑症
2019年,有3.01亿人患有焦虑症，其中包括5800万儿童和青少年。焦虑症的特征是过度恐惧和担忧以及相关的行为障碍。症状严重到足以导致严重的痛苦或严重的功能损害。有几种不同类型的焦虑症，例如:广泛性焦虑症(以过度担忧为特征)，恐慌症(以恐慌发作为特征)，社交焦虑症(以在社交场合中过度恐惧和担忧为特征)，分离焦虑症(以与那些与自己有深厚情感联系的人分离时过度恐惧或焦虑为特征)，以及其他。有效的心理治疗是存在的，根据年龄和严重程度，也可以考虑药物治疗。
Depression
In 2019, 280 million people were living with depression, including 23 million children and adolescents. Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and short-lived emotional responses to challenges in everyday life. During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. Several other symptoms are also present, which may include poor concentration, feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth, hopelessness about the future, thoughts about dying or suicide, disrupted sleep, changes in appetite or weight, and feeling especially tired or low in energy. People with depression are at an increased risk of suicide. Yet, effective psychological treatment exists, and depending on the age and severity, medication may also be considered.
抑郁症
2019年，2.8亿人患有抑郁症，其中包括2300万儿童和青少年。抑郁症不同于通常的情绪波动和对日常生活挑战的短暂情绪反应。在抑郁发作期间，患者经历抑郁情绪(感觉悲伤、易怒、空虚)或对活动失去乐趣或兴趣，几乎每天都是如此，至少持续两周。其他一些症状也会出现，包括注意力不集中，过度内疚或自我价值感低，对未来绝望，死亡或自杀的想法，睡眠中断，食欲或体重变化，以及感觉特别疲劳或精力不足。抑郁症患者自杀的风险更高。然而，有效的心理治疗是存在的，根据年龄和严重程度,也可以考虑药物治疗.
Disruptive behaviour and dissocial disorders
40 million people, including children and adolescents, were living with conduct-dissocial disorder in 2019. This disorder, also known as conduct disorder, is one of two disruptive behaviour and dissocial disorders, the other is oppositional defiant disorder. Disruptive behaviour and dissocial disorders are characterised by persistent behaviour problems such as persistently defiant or disobedient to behaviours that persistently violate the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms, rules, or laws. Onset of disruptive and dissocial disorders, is commonly, though not always, during childhood. Effective psychological treatments exist, often involving parents, caregivers, and teachers, cognitive problem-solving or social skills training.
破坏性行为和社会性障碍症
2019年，包括儿童和青少年在内的4000万人患有行为障碍。这种障碍，也被称为品行障碍，是两种破坏性行为和非社会性障碍之一，另一种是对立违抗性障碍。破坏性行为和不合群障碍的特点是持续存在行为问题，如持续挑衅或不服从持续侵犯他人基本权利或主要适龄社会规范、规则或法律的行为。破坏性和社会性障碍的发作，虽然不总是在儿童时期，但很常见。有效的心理治疗是存在的，通常包括父母、照顾者和教师、认知问题解决或社会技能训练。
Bipolar Disorder
In 2019, 40 million people experienced bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder experience alternating depressive episodes with periods of manic symptoms. During a depressive episode, the person experiences depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities, for most of the day, nearly every day. Manic symptoms may include euphoria or irritability, increased activity or energy, and other symptoms such as increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, increased self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and impulsive reckless behaviour. People with bipolar disorder are at an increased risk of suicide. Yet effective treatment options exist including psychoeducation, reduction of stress and strengthening of social functioning, and medication.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The prevalence of PTSD and other mental disorders is high in conflict-affected settings. PTSD may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event or series of events. It is characterised by all of the following: 1) re-experiencing the traumatic event or events in the present (intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares); 2) avoidance of thoughts and memories of the event(s), or avoidance of activities, situations, or people reminiscent of the event(s); and 3) persistent perceptions of heightened current threat. These symptoms persist for at least several weeks and cause significant impairment in functioning. Effective psychological treatment exists.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300 people worldwide. People with schizophrenia have a life expectancy 10-20 years below that of the general population. Schizophrenia is characterised by significant impairments in perception and changes in behaviour. Symptoms may include persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking, highly disorganised behaviour, or extreme agitation. People with schizophrenia may experience persistent difficulties with their cognitive functioning. Yet, a range of effective treatment options exist, including medication, psychoeducation, family interventions, and psychosocial rehabilitation.
Eating Disorders
In 2019, 14 million people experienced eating disorders including almost 3 million children and adolescents. Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, involve abnormal eating and preoccupation with food as well as prominent body weight and shape concerns. The symptoms or behaviours result in significant risk or damage to health, significant distress, or significant impairment of functioning. Anorexia nervosa often has its onset during adolescence or early adulthood and is associated with premature death due to medical complications or suicide. Individuals with bulimia nervosa are at a significantly increased risk for substance use, suicidality, and health complications. Effective treatment options exist, including family-based treatment and cognitive-based therapy.
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders are behavioural and cognitive disorders, that? arise during the developmental period, and involve significant difficulties in the acquisition and execution of specific intellectual, motor, language, or social functions.
Neurodevelopmental disorders include disorders of intellectual development, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) amongst others. ADHD is characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that has a direct negative impact on academic, occupational, or social functioning. Disorders of intellectual development are characterised by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, which refers to difficulties with everyday conceptual, social, and practical skills that are performed in daily life. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) constitutes a diverse group of conditions characterised by some degree of difficulty with social communication and reciprocal social interaction, as well as persistent restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities.
Effective treatment options exist including psychosocial interventions, behavioural interventions, occupational and speech therapy. For certain diagnoses and age groups, medication may also be considered.
References
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